On March 11, UNIST announced that it has received a generous donation of KRW 50 million from Synergy Inc. to support the revitalization of the university's startup ecosystem. This significant contribution will enhance support for emerging startups at UNIST, fostering innovation and entrepreneurship. The donation presentation ceremony took place at UNIST and was attended by distinguished representatives, including President Kwon-young Jang and Executive Director TaeHoon Kim from Synergy Inc., along with UNIST President Chong Rae Park, Director Woonggyu Jung of the UNIST Development Fund, and Director TaeGyu Han of UNIST Holdings Co., Ltd. In his remarks, President Park noted, "We anticipate that this generous support will create a powerful synergy within the UNIST startup ecosystem." He further noted, "This funding will be actively utilized to nurture startups, enabling outstanding UNIST technology to translate into regional business ventures." President Jang of Synergy Inc. emphasized the importance of this partnership, remarking, "As a leading startup in Ulsan, we hope our contribution revitalizes UNIST startups." He added, "As a key player in the renewable energy sector, we are committed to leading the transition to new industries alongside UNIST." Founded in 2019 and headquartered in Ulsan, Synergy Inc. is a pioneering smart energy technology company. Having achieved profitability in 2023, the company reported cumulative sales of 35.6 billion won and cumulative investments totaling 12.8 billion won as of December of last year. With its impressive trajectory over the past six years, Synergy Inc. is poised to evolve into a unicorn in the energy sector.

UNIST announced that it has partnered with the Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) in Mainz, Germany, to advance the development of innovative cancer therapies. On February 10, the two institutions signed a collaborative agreement for cancer drug development during a ceremony held at the IMB Mainz in Germany. The partnership was marked by an international seminar aimed at sharing research outcomes and outlining future collaboration plans. Under the agreement, UNIST and IMB Mainz will work together to study synthetic lethality, a genetic interaction that plays a crucial role in genome stability and DNA damage repair, in order to develop innovative cancer treatments. The collaboration aims to cultivate global talent through exchanges between students and researchers, while expanding connections with various research institutions across Europe for the purpose of new drug development. Professor Lee is leading the UNIST-IMB Mainz Joint International Seminar in Germany. Key participants in the joint research include Professor Ja Yil Lee from the Department of Biological Sciences, Distinguished Professor Anton Gartner from the Graduate School of Health Science and Technology, and Professors Seung Woo Cho and Hajin Kim from the Department of Biomedical Engineering. Professor Lee will spearhead biochemical research, while Professor Gartner will focus on genetic studies. Professor Cho is set to employ CRISPR screening techniques to identify synthetic lethality gene pairs, and Professor Kim will conduct single-molecule imaging to elucidate molecular mechanisms. IMB Mainz will evaluate the cellular biological characteristics and oncological toxicity of candidate synthetic lethality genes. Professor Lee emphasized the significance of collaboration, stating, "By discovering synthetic lethality genes through our joint research, we aim to develop innovative cancer drugs with fewer cancer-specific side effects." This partnership signifies a major step forward in cancer research, aiming to unlock new therapeutic avenues that can lead to safer and more effective treatments for patients.

Abstract Thin film-based structural coloration predominantly uses an elastomeric substrate and active materials, which exhibit uniform color changes under external stimuli such as bending, heat, and chemical environments. However, generating distinctive structural colors in a single stimulation is challenging, especially for microscale pixel arrays, which interact in more spectral and structural ways than bare thin films or static color pixels. This study presents a two-step photo-cross-linking fabrication approach for monolithic pixel arrays. The pixelated structure is devised using ultraviolet-curable chitosan (UVCC) on polydimethylsiloxane with controlled thickness at the nanoscales. The pixelated device can generate bending-based reversible wrinkles with different sizes according to the thickness of the UVCC. Subsequently, each pixel exhibits thickness-specific structural color covering the entire visible spectrum when bent. By coupling four microscale pixels with different colors, it is demonstrated that a unit of pixels can be seen as a combined color of each pixel color with the bare eyes. To demonstrate the micropixel approach, a traditional Korean Dancheong pattern is adopted and categorized its colors into three different ones. The proposed method generates distinguishable structural colors between the pixels, which makes this approach a strong contender for pixel-based structural color applications such as anti-counterfeiting, camouflage, and security printing. A research team, led by Professor Taesung Kim from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at UNIST announced the development of a technology that utilizes nanoscale wrinkles formed on transparent films to display or conceal color patterns, such as the Korean traditional Dancheong designs, by folding and unfolding the film. The developed technology is based on the principle of structural coloration. Structural colors emerge when light interferes with nanostructures. Just like chameleons or peacocks can produce blue colors without blue pigment cells due to their skin or feather nanostructures, this technology uses nanoscale wrinkles to achieve the same effect. The research team employed these nanostructures to create wrinkles, which only appear when the film is bent, allowing for the display or concealment of colors. By adjusting the spacing and height of the wrinkles, a variety of colors can be generated. To ensure that wrinkles only appear when the film is bent, a dual-layer film structure was designed. A rigid film is placed over a flexible one, causing nanoscale wrinkles to form on the surface of the rigid film due to the physical property differences between the two layers when force is applied. This principle is similar to how wrinkles form on the epidermis when pinching the skin with the thumb and index finger due to differences in density between the epidermal and dermal layers. Using a dual photolithography technique, the research team created wrinkle pixels with varying spacing and heights on a single film. The wrinkles had spacings ranging from 800 to 2,400 nm and heights from 100 to 450 nm, which confirmed their ability to produce colors across the entire visible spectrum. Additionally, the team successfully patterned Dancheong designs based on the wrinkle pixels. These designs only appeared when the transparent film was bent and reverted back to a transparent state when the force was released. Professor Kim stated, "This technology allows for the creation of variable structural colors through a simple process. Unlike existing dye-based technologies, the colors do not fade over time, making it highly competitive not only for anti-counterfeiting applications but also for stimuli-responsive smart displays." Furthermore, the technology is set to be licensed to N.B.S.T., a domestic anti-counterfeiting solution company, for commercialization. This research involves contributions from UNIST researchers, Kaliannan Thiyagarajan and Sungjoon Ji, as co-first authors and has been made available online for pre-publication in Advanced Functional Materials, with formal publication forthcoming. This study has been supported by the Institute for Information & Communications Technology Promotion (IITP), the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), and the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT). Journal Reference Kaliannan Thiyagarajan, Sungjoon Ji, Jiseok Han, et al., "Monolithic Micro-/Nanoarchitectonic Multi-Level Pixel Arrays Via a Two-Step Photo-Cross-Linking Process for Multi-Modal and Transformative Structural Coloration," Adv. Funct. Mater., (2025).

Abstract Fast and accurate identification of pathogenic microbes in patient samples is crucial for the timely treatment of acute infectious diseases such as sepsis. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique allows the rapid detection and identification of microbes based on their variation in genomic sequence without time-consuming culturing or sequencing. However, the recent explosion of microbial genomic data has made it challenging to design an appropriate set of probes for microbial mixtures. We developed a novel set of peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based FISH probes with optimal target specificity by analyzing the variations in 16S ribosomal RNA sequence across all bacterial species. Owing to their superior penetration into bacteria and higher mismatch sensitivity, the PNA probes distinguished seven bacterial species commonly observed in bacteremia with 96–99.9% accuracy using our optimized FISH procedure. Detection based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between pairs of adjacent binding PNA probes eliminated crosstalk between species. Rapid sequential species identification was implemented, using chemically cleavable fluorophores, without compromising detection accuracy. Owing to their outstanding accuracy and enhanced speed, this set of techniques shows great potential for clinical use. A research team, affiliated with UNIST has developed a diagnostic technology capable of identifying infectious pathogens with nearly 100% accuracy in under three hours. This method is significantly faster and more accurate than traditional bacterial culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, and it holds promise for reducing mortality rates in critical conditions such as sepsis, where timely administration of antibiotics is crucial. The joint team of professors—Hajun Kim, Taejoon Kwon, and Joo Hun Kang—from the Department of Biomedical Engineering at UNIST has unveiled a novel diagnostic technique that utilizes artificially designed polymers known as peptide nucleic acid (PNA) as probes. The reported fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique works by detecting fluorescent signals generated when probe molecules bind to specific genetic sequences in bacteria. This innovative FISH method employs two PNA molecules simultaneously. By analyzing the genomic sequences of 20,000 bacterial species, the research team designed PNA sequences that specifically target the ribosomal RNA of particular species. PNA exhibits a higher sensitivity to sequence mismatches compared to conventional DNA-based probes and demonstrates superior penetration through bacterial cell walls. Furthermore, the requirement for both PNA molecules to bind to their target site before generating a signal significantly reduces the likelihood of crosstalk, thereby enhancing accuracy in situations involving multiple overlapping bacterial strains. Figure 1. Schematic representation illustrating the key findings of the study. In tests, the technology successfully detected seven bacterial species—including E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus—showing over 99% accuracy for all species except Staphylococcus aureus, which was detected with an accuracy of 96.3%. The method's effectiveness was further validated in mixed bacterial samples. Both Enterococcus and E. coli were detected with over 99% accuracy when tested together. The approach utilizing two PNA molecules is based on Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). This principle involves energy transfer from one PNA molecule to another when they are in close proximity, allowing for the measurement of the fluorescence emitted by the recipient molecule. Professor Kim noted, "This method will aid in the diagnosis of infections requiring immediate antibiotic treatment, such as sepsis, urinary tract infections, and pneumonia, while also helping to reduce unnecessary antibiotic usage." The research team plans to conduct further experiments using blood samples taken from actual patients to explore clinical applications. The research findings were published in the journal, Biosensors and Bioelectronics on March 1, 2025. The study features contributions from Dr. Sungho Kim and Dr. Hwi Hyun from the Department of Biomedical Engineering at UNIST as first authors, and it was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), the Institute for Basic Science (IBS), the Korea National Institute of Health (NIH), and UNIST. Journal Reference Sungho Kim, Hwi Hyun, Jae-Kyeong Im, et al., "Fast and accurate multi-bacterial identification using cleavable and FRET-based peptide nucleic acid probes," Biosens. Bioelectron., (2025).

March 14 marks the International Day of Mathematics (IDM), proclaimed by UNESCO to celebrate the fundamental role of mathematics in scientific advancements and improving the quality of life around the globe. This year's theme is "Mathematics, Art, and Creativity." To celebrate the 2025 IDM, the Department of Mathematical Sciences at UNIST hosted a Pi Day event in the Student Union on March 14, 2025. Participants competed to memorize the most digits of Pi, with the winner receiving a Pi Badge, fostering an engaging and inspiring atmosphere for students to explore the creative aspects of mathematics. The Department of Mathematical Sciences at UNIST is actively involved in foundational and applied research across various fields, including algebra, analysis, topology, and geometry, making significant contributions to both domestic and international industries. During the event, Professor Jaehyun Cho highlighted the importance of mathematical research, stating "Mathematical sciences lead to creative and exploratory thinking, much like the endless approximations of Pi. While there are no perfect solutions, we pursue infinite possibilities." He, then, encouraged students and researchers to "[E]mbrace the routine with resilience and joy, while we seek the truth (π) together." The department plans to expand research that encompasses both fundamental science and applied mathematics, aiming for innovative outcomes through collaboration with various industries. Recently, Professor Bongsoo Jang was appointed Vice President of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (KSIAM), underscoring UNIST's strong reputation in mathematical sciences. Department Head Pilwon Kim noted, "This event reinforces mathematics' vital role in both fundamental and applied sciences, positioning our department at the forefront of mathematical research in Korea through close collaboration with institutions and industries." Meanwhile, March 14 is also recognized as Pi Day, commemorating the birthdays of Albert Einstein and the memorial day of Stephen Hawking.

UNIST Department of Biomedical Engineering is continuing its mission to share knowledge and enhance public understanding of brain sciences with the public this year. This special lecture series, organized to coincide with Brain Awareness Week 2025, will explore the theme "AI in Pursuit of Brain Functionality! The Brain that AI Struggles to Match?!" Scheduled for March 14 (Friday) at 6:30 PM, the event will take place in Room U110 of Building 108. The lecture is open to all citizens of Ulsan and beyond. It will cover themes, such as 'AI that Surpasses Human Intelligence' and 'The Remarkable Functions of the Brain that Still Cannot Be Matched,' presenting the latest research examples in an easily understandable manner. Brain Awareness Week is an international event held every year during the third week of March to promote the significance of brain science. Activities take place simultaneously in over 60 countries, organized by academic societies, schools, and research institutions. The ‘Brain Awareness Week 2025’ Public Lecture Series will be held at UNIST on March 14, 2025. The event will feature scholarly talks shedding light on current and ongoing research topics related to brain sciences, particularly in neuroscience, cognitive science, and brain engineering. Seven faculty members from the Department of Biomedical Engineering at UNIST, who specialize in these fields, will share the latest research trends and intriguing insights about the brain. Citizens interested in attending are encouraged to visit the lecture venue on the day of the event. Brain Awareness Week 2025 will run from March 10 to 16, and this lecture is proudly sponsored by the Korean Society for Brain and Neural Sciences (KSBNS) and the Korea Brain Research Institute.

Abstract Proton tunneling through a hydrogen bond is a significant quantum phenomenon in proton-mediated processes. Hydrogen bonds strengthen each other through cooperative interactions, enhancing proton tunneling. Controlling cooperativity of the hydrogen-bond network is required to understand the role of cooperativity in proton tunneling; however, engineering hydrogen bonds is difficult due to the stable structure of hydrogen-bonded cluster. Here, we demonstrate that collective proton tunneling can be controlled inside a cyclic water trimer simply by assigning an asymmetry in the adsorption structure. Asymmetric configuration of water trimers in registry with the NaCl(001) surface perturbs the strength of hydrogen bonds, destroying cooperativity. We reveal two pathways that facilitate proton tunneling in the interfacial trimer: vibration-excited and rotation-mediated processes. The vibrationally excited states lead to lowering the tunneling barrier, and the intermolecular rotation increases the cooperativity by modifying the adsorption configuration. Our results highlight the atomic-scale control of hydrogen bonds, which is crucial in proton-involved reactions. A research team, led by Professor Hyung-Joon Shin from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at UNIST has succeeded in elucidating the quantum phenomenon occurring within a triangular cluster of three water molecules. Their findings demonstrate that the collective rotational motion of water molecules enhances proton tunneling, a quantum mechanical effect where protons (H+) bypass energy barriers instead of overcoming them. This phenomenon has implications for chemical reaction rates and the stability of biomolecules such as DNA. The study reveals that when the rotational motion of water molecules is activated, the distances between the molecules adjust, resulting in increased cooperativity and facilitating proton tunneling. This process allows the three protons from the water molecules to collectively surmount the energy barrier. To investigate this, the research team created a triangular arrangement of three water molecules and analyzed changes in its shape. They employed advanced analysis techniques, specifically Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), to manipulate the molecules individually and study the resulting configurations. The water molecules were fixed atop a salt film under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions (10-11 Torr) and extreme cryogenic temperatures (between -268.75°C and -257.15°C) to prevent evaporation. The triangular arrangement was observed to distort, either left or right (isomerism), with the direction of distortion changing frequently. This behavior serves as evidence that proton tunneling occurs even at low temperatures. When a specific voltage was applied via the STM probe to the distorted triangular structure, it was observed to transform closer to an equilateral triangle. This change indicates that the voltage activated the rotational movement of the molecules, which adjusted the hydrogen bond distances and enhanced cooperativity, leading to collective proton tunneling. Figure 1. Schematic representation illustrating the key findings of the study. To validate their findings, the research team conducted additional experiments beyond just observing the shape of the water molecule triangle. They performed theoretical calculations and compared the tunneling rates of deuterium oxide (D2O) and water (H2O). Dr. Yohan Kim and Dr. Huijun Han from UNIST served as co-first authors on this research. "While water is an excellent tool for experimentally analyzing the relationship between intermolecular cooperativity and proton tunneling, strong hydrogen bonding among the water molecules made these experiments challenging," they stated. "We resolved this by employing techniques to isolate and analyze just three water molecules." Professor Shin, the corresponding author of the study, emphasized the importance of their findings by saying, "This research experimentally elucidates the critical role of molecular rotational motion and cooperativity among water molecules in regulating proton tunneling. The implications of these findings could introduce new strategies for controlling reactions in chemical processes, catalysis, and energy conversion." The findings of this research have been published in Nano Letters as of February 12, 2025. This project was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), and by the Institute for Basic Science. Journal Reference Yohan Kim, Huijun Han, Hyung-Joon Shin, "Controlled Cooperativity of Proton Tunneling in a Water Trimer," Nano Lett., (2025).

Abstract Cylindrical lithium-ion batteries offer several advantages over their flat-body counterparts, including a more robust structure. However, their inherent electrode curvature restricts both electrochemical performance and stability. This study investigates the impact of electrode curvature on cell behavior by simulating the curvature of cathode/anode layers at specific radial positions within the cylindrical cell to fabricate single-sheet cells with specific curvatures. Our analysis of the custom-fabricated and commercial 21700 cells reveals that electrode curvature varies with radial position, which leads to local variations in the negative-to-positive electrode capacity ratio (N/P ratio). These variations result in local electrochemical performance variations, causing capacity inconsistencies and increasing the risk of lithium-metal deposition. Moreover, using high-nickel cathode materials exacerbates this sensitivity to curvature, making it a crucial design consideration. Unlike flat-sheet batteries, cylindrical batteries require a tailored design approach that optimizes the N/P ratio while accounting for electrode curvature. Our findings provide crucial guidance for enhancing the design and performance of cylindrical batteries by mitigating curvature-related risks, thereby improving their safety and longevity. As global electric vehicle (EV) manufacturers adopt cylindrical batteries, recent research highlights that merely considering electrode curvature in battery design can mitigate issues like lithium metal deposition. A research team, led by Professor Kyeong-Min Jeong from the School of Energy and Chemical Engineering at UNIST has elucidated the impact of electrode curvature on the electrochemical performance of cylindrical batteries and proposed an optimized electrode design that takes this curvature into account. Cylindrical cells consist of stacked layers of cathodes, anodes, and separators, which are then tightly rolled. Typically, a single cylindrical cell for an electric vehicle contains 20 to 60 such sets of anodes and cathodes separated by separators. The research team initiated this study based on the observation that the curvature characteristics of cylindrical cells might lead to variations in the contact area between the anode and cathode, causing the capacity ratio to deviate from ideal design values. Conventionally, designers ensure that anode capacity is larger than cathode capacity to prevent lithium metal deposition and facilitate fast charging. The team fabricated experimental single-sheet cells that mimic various curvature conditions and conducted a comparative analysis with commercial 21700 cylindrical batteries, revealing that the capacity ratio of the electrodes varies with their radial position. Notably, in areas with significant curvature at the center, the risk of lithium metal deposition increased markedly during low-temperature or high-voltage charging. This deposition can lead to short-circuits. Additionally, the sensitivity to curvature was found to be greater when using high-capacity high-nickel cathode materials. To address these issues, the research team proposed a design strategy that involves adjusting the thickness of the electrodes on both sides. This approach aims to correct capacity ratio changes caused by variations in the contact area between anodes and cathodes through adjustments in electrode thickness. First author Byeong-Jin Jeon stated, "Our findings reveal that electrode curvature is a critical design variable for cylindrical cell design. This underscores the importance of employing an advanced research approach that considers not only material properties but also electrode curvature for improving battery performance and stability." Professor Jeong emphasized, "This research confirms the importance of linking battery form factor with design and processing technology." He further added, "In the context of sharp global competition, improving the capacity of materials alone is not sufficient to secure an advantage." This research was published online in Energy Storage Materials on the 20th of last month. The study was supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) through the performance verification platform project for high-performance battery materials and components, implemented by the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT). Journal Reference Byeong-Jin Jeon, Yeong-Hyeon Lee, and Kyeong-Min Jeong, "Unveiling the impact of electrode curvature on N/P ratio variations in cylindrical lithium-ion batteries," Energy Storage Mater., (2025).

Abstract Genome-wide identification of binding profiles for DNA-binding proteins from the limited number of intracellular pathogens in infection studies is crucial for understanding virulence and cellular processes but remains challenging, as the current ChIP-exo is designed for high-input bacterial cells (>1010). Here, we developed an optimized ChIP-mini method, a low-input ChIP-exo utilizing a 5,000-fold reduced number of initial bacterial cells and an analysis pipeline, to identify genome-wide binding dynamics of DNA-binding proteins in host-infected pathogens. Applying ChIP-mini to intracellular Salmonella Typhimurium, we identified 642 and 1,837 binding sites of H-NS and RpoD, respectively, elucidating changes in their binding position and binding intensity during infection. Post-infection, we observed 21 significant reductions in H-NS binding at intergenic regions, exposing the promoter region of virulence genes, such as those in Salmonella pathogenicity islands-2, 3 and effectors. Furthermore, we revealed the crucial phenomenon that novel and significantly increased RpoD bindings were found within regions exhibiting diminished H-NS binding, thereby facilitating substantial upregulation of virulence genes. These findings markedly enhance our understanding of how H-NS and RpoD simultaneously coordinate the transcription initiation of virulence genes within macrophages. Collectively, this work demonstrates a broadly adaptable tool that will enable the elucidation of DNA-binding protein dynamics in diverse intracellular pathogens during infection. In the pursuit of understanding the pathogenic expression mechanisms of bacteria and the advancements in biofoundry technology, identifying and analyzing protein-DNA binding sites is crucial. Researchers at UNIST and Korea University have developed a novel method known as ChIP-mini, which allows for precise identification of these binding sites using significantly fewer samples than previously possible. Professor Donghyuk Kim from the School of Energy and Chemical Engineering at UNIST and Dr. Eun-Jin Lee from the Department of Life Sciences at Korea University have collaborated to develop an optimized ChIP-mini method—a low-input ChIP-exo that utilizes 5,000 times fewer bacterial cells than traditional approaches—enabling precise identification of binding sites for DNA-binding proteins in host-infected pathogens. This innovative method, based on Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)—a technique utilized to isolate DNA fragments bound by proteins—allows for high-resolution analysis, achieving base pair-level precision (approximately 0.34 nanometers) by examining as few as 4.8 million cells. Consequently, ChIP-mini can accurately identify individual binding sites, even when multiple proteins bind in close proximity, in stark contrast to the most recent conventional ChIP-exo experiments, which required between 10 billion and 100 billion cells to achieve similar precision. Figure 1. A schematic diagram with an overview of the study design and the main procedures from publication. The research team validated ChIP-mini by isolating trace amounts of Salmonella bacteria, a known infectious agent, and quantitatively analyzing changes in DNA binding positions and intensities of two crucial proteins, H-NS and RpoD. Salmonella initially inhibits pathogenic gene expression by strongly binding H-NS to DNA outside host macrophages but reduces H-NS binding and activates pathogenic genes via RpoD (RNA polymerase sigma factor 70) upon entering the host cell, thereby avoiding detection by the immune system. Previous ChIP experiments struggled with insufficient quantities of Salmonella within host cells due to its low abundance at the site of infection. To address this challenge, the research team employed DiffExo, a statistical program developed for quantitative analysis. Additionally, the cost of individual analyses using ChIP-mini is approximately 20,000 KRW, constituting a twelvefold reduction compared to earlier methods. Dr. Jon Young Park, co-first author at UNIST, stated, "If integrated with Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) automation platforms, this technology could facilitate rapid and cost-effective generation of extensive datasets essential for biofoundry applications." He further added, "We are actively pursuing research to ensure compatibility with NGS automation devices." Biofoundry technology involves producing high-value proteins by engineering microorganisms, similar to semiconductor manufacturing processes, and requires extensive datasets for effective microbial gene editing and optimal circuit design. Professor Kim noted, "This research serves as a foundational technology in the biofoundry field, particularly in identifying gene expression networks of infectious microorganisms and discovering novel bio-parts." The findings of this research have been published in the Nucleic Acids Research on February 10, 2025. This study has been supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) and the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT). Journal Reference Joon Young Park, Minchang Jang, Eunna Choi, et al., "ChIP-mini: a low-input ChIP-exo protocol for elucidating DNA-binding protein dynamics in intracellular pathogens," Nucl. Acids Res., (2025).